![]() Note that the result is in the form of a harmonic mean. Here, S i is the scattered intensity from particle i and D i is the diameter of particle i. The Z-average can be expressed as the intensity based harmonic mean 2,3 and is shown by the equation below. The purpose of this document is to clarify the meaning of this value. Since the calculation of the Z-average is mathematically stable, the Z-average result is insensitive to noise, and that makes it a preferred DLS size parameter. The Z-average arises when DLS data is analyzed by the use of the technique of cumulants 1. Dynamic light scattering DLS results are often expressed in terms of the Z-average.
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